The Selection and Preparation of Mathematics Teachers :: Education Teaching Essays

The Selection and Preparation of Mathematics Teachers Teacher preparation is a vital component of any educational system. Evidence from research shows that there is a 39% difference in the achievement levels of students who have most/least effective teachers. The federal government also recognizes the importance of the classroom teacher. The recent No Child Left Behind legislation emphasizes the role that teachers play in achievement. In order to meet the requirements of NCLB, states and universities will have to change the way that teachers are prepared. Carefully selecting and properly training teachers and then giving them the authority to teach students as they see fit will go a long way to resolving the low achievement of American students. On the flip side, giving low ability and poorly trained individuals the opportunity to teach has produced several decades of low student achievement. Many of these academically unmotivated teachers demonstrate little content knowledge or curiosity and have been among the most flagrant violators of scientific application of educational research. Witness the indiscriminate use of trivial tests (learning styles, right/left brain, multiple intelligences, etc) that pretend to classify students in scant minutes. Worse still is that the learning theory behind these fads may in fact be even more suspect than the test. The current generation of American teachers firmly believes that lecture is a universally poor method of instruction, standardized tests are fatally flawed and the group learning is much superior to individual learning, all without scientific justification. If America is to close the achievement gap with other industrialized nations it must be willing to set aside political correctness and educational faddism to place competent teachers in the classroom. There is constant pressure for education departments to find new pedagogy, criticize the old pedagogy and generally churn the academic waters so that their existence can be justified. Teacher preparation programs need to focus on only those aspects of educational research which have been proven to produce achievement gains and stop experimenting on prospective teachers and their dependent students. The primary reason I am pursuing a doctorial degree in mathematics education is to have the credentials needed to teach mathematics pedagogy courses to prospective teachers at a four year institution. I feel strongly that my experience as a teacher and the intellectual training I am now acquiring will let me make a positive contribution to the cause of producing competent teachers. The area of teacher preparation is being extensively researched and is currently a high profile issue in education.

The Background and Methodology of Childhood Obesity

Over the years childhood obesity has grown by more than 9 million, and this number is expected to grow by even more. Parents are not always heard, and often schools are not run the way they would prefer. In this article parents are given a voice and a chance to be heard on what they feel is important for their children’s health. In this article the researchers survey the parents and get their opinions on what they feel needs to be done to help the fight against childhood obesity. Problem to solve: Childhood obesity is the main focus in this article.This paper helps to give the parents their view of how schools are dealing with childhood obesity. Childhood obesity has been on a steady rise over the past few years. Approximately over 9 million children are obese and that number continues to rise (Murphy & Polivka, 2007). Schools play a very important role in children’s lives. There are many health issues that can arise due to obesity if it is not treated. Treating this di sease can be as easy as more physical activity and a healthier diet. Unfortunately, children are eating more unhealthy foods and are engaged in less physical activities.Myers and Vargas decided to survey 200 people to get their views on childhood obesity (Murphy & Polivka, 2007). In this article there is discussion on how the parents feel and what they think can be done to try and help fix this issue. Health Care Administrators: With all the money that is spent helping to treat childhood obesity, it is very important that health care administrators study this issue. There was $127 million spent for hospital cost in 1999 alone, and this number is still on the rise.By 2025 it is estimated that the cost will raise $100 billion (Murphy & Polivka, 2007). Schools can help and play a huge role in the way children choose to live their lives. Children spend a huge part of their day at school, and by providing healthier lunches and more exercise we can help to decrease the amount of children that are going to the doctor because of issues from obesity. Health care administrators can come up with plans for the doctors to suggest to parents who bring their children in for check-ups.Making suggestions for healthier lifestyles should be a priority in many physicians’ offices and health care administrators can help to make that happen. Purpose: It seems as though the purpose of this study is to inform or let the reader know about the statistics behind childhood obesity. They wanted the reader to be aware of the risks of childhood obesity and what parents think schools can do to help their children by offering programs to teach about healthier lifestyles and more physical activities.Many students feel as though gym and physical activities can cause embarrassing moments from their peers, and they also stated that the school lunches were low quality, so the vending machines were more convenient (Murphy & Polivka, 2007). School nurses are responsible for creating these cha nges and this paper tells ways that these changes can be made. Research Question: A research question is basically the first step the researcher must conduct before starting their research.It is known as the methodological point and any questions that are asked should be answered during the research (Colorado State University, 2012). It should be defined clearly as well as accurately. It can be used for quantitative research. This step allows the researcher to figure out what he or she wants to know the most (Colorado State University, 2012). This article did not clearly state a question, but if there were to be a question it would probably be, do parents view schools as having a big impact on their child’s health and if so what can be done to provide a healthier environment?Hypothesis: A research hypothesis is a statement that is created by the researcher and it is a speculation of what they believe the outcome will be. This article does not have a hypothesis directly stated ; the authors only provide statistics within each paragraph. If there were to be a hypothesis it would probably state that the parents who will partake in the survey will mostly all agree that schools play a big role in their child’s life and providing healthier foods and more exercise would be a positive change.Independent and Dependent Variables: An independent and dependent variable are two different variables. An independent variable is a variable that can be wielded by the researcher. It is basically a hypothesized in order to influence or affect the dependent variable. The independent variable is measured from the researcher. The researcher assigns an experimental or a controlled condition to the participants. The independent variables would be the surveys and what they say prior to the participants taking the survey (Murphy & Polivka, 2007).The dependent variables would be the participants that partake in the survey (Murphy & Polivka, 2007). Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework is used in research to give details or to create an outline of what the possible actions may be. It is used to try and connect the aspects of the topic. The theoretical framework that was conducted in this article was what the relationship between a parent’s perception of their child’s BMI and obesity and what the schools role is in preventing as well as treating the children’s obesity issues (Murphy & Polivka, 2007).Literature Review: Literature review is important because it allows the researcher to find out what has already been discovered and what has not. It gives them a chance to create a research strategy that works best for them. It gives them a chance to avoid other researcher’s mistakes. Instead of surveying the school nurses or random people, the researchers in this article asked the parents how they feel and what they feel is important to keep their children on a healthy track so that they do not become obese (Murphy & Po livka, 2007).Study Design: There are many research designs that can be used. Descriptive design, correlation studies, semi-experimental designs, experimental designs, reviewing other research, and test study before conducting full-scale study (Experiment-Resources. com, 2012). This article is more of a descriptive design because it was based off of surveys. There was one subject studied which was childhood obesity and how schools affect children’s health (Murphy & Polivka, 2007). It was not clearly stated how long the study took.Childhood obesity is a growing issue and there are many contributions to this problem. Children spend most of their lives at school, so changing the ways that schools handle health issues is important. By removing vending machines, providing healthy programs, and allowing more physical activities can be a positive change. When the school nurses, parents, and children are all on the same page healthier changes might start to show and the level of child hood obesity may start to decrease.

How Enron Was A Company - 1900 Words

Enron was a company that was known by many people and corporation not only in the United States but also around the world. It grew to be one of the largest companies, so as imaged a lot of people were affected by the fall of the company. Over 210000 employees lost there jobs without even knowing what was coming to them and what was going on behind the doors by the people who were running the company. Apart from losing their job, their form of income for their families, they also lost any money that they had invested in shares of the company and their pension funds, because the company encouraged their employees to invest their money in its own shares and also closer to the end they wanted their employees to invest even more money. Good business decisions are based in financial statements that are prepared by the accounting firms or accountants within a company. When doing account for any company they all follow a standard called GAAP (Generally accepted accounting principles), GAAP provides guidelines and rules which companies use when preparing their financials statements so that all company are on the same page as one another. When Arthur Anderson accounting were preparing the financial statements for Enron they were lying about the financial situation that the company was in, in order to make the company look financial better than they really were. Nobody can really put reasoning behind why they done this but everyone can make assumptions on what was occurring and whoShow MoreRelatedCorporate Culture Of Enron And Bankruptcy1327 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy is about Enron and about their biggest failure that lead the company towards bankruptcy. Enron got bankrupt to the extent that was no point of returning b ack and reversing its wrong doings. The only thing that the company had to think about was how to return the losses of its creditors. Enron Corp. was left with $12 billion in assets which was to be distributed among more than 20,000 creditors. Around 80% of creditors of Enron backed the long-awaited reorganization plan of the company. CreditorsRead MoreEnron Scandal: Who Are Responsible for Enron ¡Ã‚ ¦S Bankruptcy847 Words   |  4 PagesEnron was once one of the worlds leading electricity, natural gas, pulp, paper and communications companies. However, in December 2, 2001, Enron suddenly filed for bankruptcy. During the ten years before Enron ¡Ã‚ ¦s went bankrupt, Enron ¡Ã‚ ¦s management had started transferring Enron ¡Ã‚ ¦s funding to personal accounts and made fake balance sheets, which provided investors information about how this company goes. (Gibney, 2005) These illegal actions, performed by certain individuals, finally led Enron toRead MoreThe Smartest Guys At The R oom : The Amazing Rise And Scandalous Fall Of Enron1654 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Room† the amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron goes into great detail of what happens when a company has no ethics. It could be said that ethics was the last thing on the minds of the executives that worked at Enron. People employed at Enron cared about two things the stock price of the company, and the money they could put in their own pockets. This was what caused the fall of one of the biggest energy companies in the U.S†¦ Enron failing did not happen overnight it took years for allRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Enron Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesEnron was formed in 1985 following the merger of Houston Natural Gas Co. and InterNorth Co. The Chairman Kenneth Lay, CEO Jeffrey Skilling, and CFO Andrew Fastow were the backbone of Enron during its growth period. These executives exercised their power and expertise to unethically â€Å"increase† Enron’s profits by hidi ng the company’s debt. The ethical dilemma that Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling faced was whether to let their stakeholders know how poorly the company was doing, or to hide the debtRead MoreEnron Case Study Analysis1699 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Strategy Enron Case Study 09/08/12 Enron Case Study: From Company to Conspiracy 1. What is the History of Enron, and what current situation does it find itself in? Enron was created by a combination of companies. These companies were Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. These companies were merged together in July 1985. CEO of Houston Natural Gas, Kenneth Lay became chairman and CEO of the combined company. This happened in February 1986. The company changed its name to Enron on April 10thRead MoreExpansion And Globalization Of Enron951 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary for the growth of a company, which is most commonly through local expansion or globalization. Globalization is the process in which a company begins international relations and influences or operate on the global level. Enron wanted to expand their reach in the market and in the natural oil industry. Enron’s first international investment was in India. Many other companies were wary about investing in India due to the state of their economy. However, Enron invested heavily in Dabhol, IndiaRead MoreEnron And Its Innovative Growth1409 Words   |  6 PagesAuditing 301 January 7, 2017 Enron Scandal †¢ The rise of Enron and its innovative growth: After a merger in 1985, between two relatively small regional companies Houston Natural Gas Co., and InterNorth Incorporated, Enron Corp was formed. Enron Corporation became one of the biggest energy, and service company across the united states. Following this merger, Kenneth lay, who was at the time the CEO of Houston Natural Gas, also became the CEO of the newly formed Enron Corp. With his savvy skills alreadyRead MoreEnron Question About the Movie652 Words   |  3 Pagesconcept and rationale behind mark to market accounting and it’s significance to Enron. When the President of Enron, Kenneth Lay, hires new CEO Jeffrey Skilling, a very energetic and a â€Å"dreamer† who joins Enron on the condition that they utilize mark-to-market accounting, allowing the company to book potential profits on certain projects immediately after the deals are signed. To keep its stock price going up par example Enron began a venture that might make $50 million 10 years from now, it could claimRead MoreEnron : The Largest Energy Trader1669 Words   |  7 PagesEnron was the largest company for energy and natural gas made possible through the merging of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth based in Omaha. The merger made Enron the largest energy trader in the country and the seventh largest in the world. The company advanced into new fields of business by launching a broadband service unit and Enron online, where people can go to trade commodities. Enron rose quickly to become one of America’s most valuable company. It had a peak of $100 billio n in revenueRead MoreEssay on Overview of the Enron Scandal1217 Words   |  5 Pages Enron Corporation was an energy company founded in Omaha, Nebraska. The corporation chose Houston, Texas to home its headquarters and staffed about 20,000 people. It was one of the largest natural gas and electricity providers in the United States, and even the world. In the 1990’s, Enron was widely considered a highly innovative, financially booming company, with shares trading at about $90 at their highest points. Little did the public know, the success of the company was a gigantic lie, and possibly

Charles Dickens Great Expectations End Analysis

As Aristotle suggests, an ending must simply be the logical conclusion of all that has preceded it. An illogical ending will yield an unsatisfying narrative, and even a surprise ending must have some internal consistency to it. Therefore, internal consistency is a criterion of a good literary ending. Another criterion of a good literary ending is that it be one that is consistent with the theme and tone of the novel. The ending must also leave the reader with the impact intended by the author. In other words, an ending is what the author is really trying to say. The global, political, and social commentary in literature is embedded in the way the narrative ends. In the case of Great Expectations, Charles Dickens ultimately selected the ending in which Pip and Estella are reunited, leaving open the precise way their newfound emotional intimacy will develop. This is the most logical, as well as most satisfying, ending for the story because it meets all of the aforementioned criteria: i ncluding textual and thematic consistency. Pip and Estella need to deepen their emotional bond so that Dickens can send a message about the importance of honesty and integrity in human relationships. Pip and Estella are both orphans, even if Estella is only symbolically one. Their shared childhood experiences related to having people other than their parents raise them make them perfect for one anothers growth and identity formation. They ultimately catalyze each other, albeit in differentShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens Great Expectations964 Words   |  4 PagesOliveros British Literature H February 24, 2016 TITLE Throughout Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, minor characters help in the development of Pip and his psychological state. The novel journeys with Pip as he grows from a poor, young boy to an adult in the upper class. Difficult situations, suspense, and dynamic characters fill the novel. Julian Moynahan, a professor emeritus of literature at Rutgers University, analyzed Dickens’ novel and produced excellent parallels between a select few of theRead MoreGreat Expectations1707 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Human nature is the psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind. Human nature separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. The underlining theme of human nature is evident in Great Expectation by Charles Dickens use of his characters. A main characteristic that Dickens displays is friendship. The friendship between Pip and Herbert is strong. Herbert was significant to Pip’s growth in social class and eventual to his revelation. â€Å"Friendship was oneRead MorePip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations1173 Words   |  5 PagesPip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a compelling story rich in friendship, love and fortune. The main character, Pip, is a dynamic character that undergoes many changes through the course of the book and throughout this analysis, the character Pip, will be identified and his gradual change through the story will be quoted and explained. The main character, Pip, is a gentle character. His traits include Read MoreCritical Analysis Of Great Expectations1449 Words   |  6 Pageswork of fiction is, however, dependant on who is reading it at the time. In the case of Great Expectations there are a number of themes running through the text including betterment through education, what it is to be a gentleman, respectability and crime, parental /family ties, and industry and idleness. Many of the original readers of the work were not concerned with analysing these various themes, and how Dickens put the work together. Rather, it was enjoyed as a populist piece of fiction which simplyRead MoreUnderstanding the Plot of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens2205 Words   |  9 Pagesloose ends of the plot are tied up and the conflicts and climax are taken care of. In conclusion, the resolution is when the story comes to a reasonable ending. Charles Dickens’s novel Great Expectations is an excellent example of how a well developed plot, and many subplots hidden within the main, can create many twists and turns and make what may seem like a ‘fairy tale’ story a much more interesting and complex one. The protagonist of the navel is a seven year old boy named Pip. Dickens decidesRead MoreAnalysis of The Hanged Mans Bride, The Trial for Murder and Confession Found in a Prison2347 Words   |  10 PagesAnalysis of The Hanged Mans Bride, The Trial for Murder and Confession Found in a Prison Introduction Based on my study of Charles Dickens, I have decided to focus upon three short stories to write about in detail. These are: The Hanged Mans Bride, written in 1860, The Trial For Murder, written in 1865 and Confession Found in a Prison, written in 1842. To enable me to understand the stories better and also Dickens interests and motivations, I have carried out necessaryRead MoreThe theme of isolation in Great Expectations through Miss Havisham.3108 Words   |  13 PagesQuestion: How does Dickens in his portrayal of Miss Havisham explore the theme of isolation? The oldest of eight children, Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth in 1812. Dickens experienced a very traumatic childhood which included the ordeal of seeing two of his brother pass away. John Dickens, his father, worked as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office, due to his occupation, the Dickens family had to move a lot. Financial problems led to the imprisonment of John Dickens, who couldnt afford to lookRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens Great Expectations3684 Words   |  15 PagesOlivia Smith Mr. Oravec AP Literature and Composition 27 January 2014 Analysis Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations â€Å"And as to the condition on which you hold your advancement in life—namely, that you are not to inquire or discuss to whom you owe it—you may be very sure that it will never be encroached upon, or even approached by me, or by any one belonging to me.† (Dickens, 177). This excerpt foretells the main theme of the novel, Pip’s journey of self-improvement. The main theme of the novelRead MoreCharles Dickens s A Christmas Carol1923 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish author Charles Dickens has written many well known novels such as Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol, of which both have a recurring theme: the expectations of society. During the Victorian Era, England was over populated and had terrible living conditions, with an enormous gap between the rich and the poor. Generally, people during the Victorian Era were not allowed to talk about things such as sex and crime, and had to live by strict social rules set by society. With the social disparitiesRead MoreDickens Creation of Sympathy for His Characters in Great Expectations2048 Words   |  9 PagesDickens Creation of Sympathy for His Characters in Great Expectations Charles Dickens was born on February 7th 1812, the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the naval pay office. He had a poor head for finances and in 1824 found himself imprisoned for debt. His wife and children (with the exception of Charles) were, as was normal, imprisoned with him. Charles was put to work at Warrens Blacking Factory, where conditions were terrible. When his

Essay on Freddie Mac Ethics - 1107 Words

Freddie Mac is in the home mortgage business. It is their jobs to help low income families find affordable housing. Freddie Mac has been in business since 1970. They were created in order to get more American families in to their own homes. Their mission statement says, â€Å"Our statutory mission is to provide liquidity, stability and affordability to the U.S. housing market† (FreddieMac.com, 2014). Despite this honorable mission statement, Freddie Mac was involved in a case of accounting fraud that went on from 1998 to 2002. The lack of ethics at this company started with top brass setting the tone, and the rest of the company following suit. Rather than being sticklers for following GAAP accounting principles and internal controls, this†¦show more content†¦According to HUD Freddie Mac and Fannie May are both GSE’s, government sponsored enterprises, and in the U.S. they are the two largest providers of home mortgages. They were created primarily to provide loans to underprivileged and lower economic areas. They are not subject to taxes. They do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Securities Exchange Commission. They have direct access to a 2.25 billion line of credit, and their rates are significantly lower than their competitors, because of their government backing, (Housing and Urban Developement, 2001). The reason the company bought these risky loans was because they have a much higher interest rate. Rather than paying 3.53 or 4% interest on a home loan these people were forced to pay almost double that, between 6 and 7%. The conflict of interest arose from the fact that Freddie Mac was the one whom the recipients of these loans had to try to get refinancing from. They did not want to refinance the high interest mortgages into lower interest ones. This caused them to have a conflict of interest. They were not interested in helping people to save their homes because they were making money off the interest. Many people were in need of refinancing, which would effectively pay off the higher interest rate loan and create a new loan with more affordable prices. Freddie Mac refused to help these people out of their mortgages, effectively because theyShow MoreRelatedFraud Case Study1516 Words   |  7 PagesFreddie Mac Fraud Thanaphan Darnsomboon PME604 Project Financial Management National University December 18, 2012 Freddie Mac Fraud The definition of fraud is â€Å"an intentional deception or deceit, perpetrated for profit or to gain some unfair or dishonest advantage† (dictionary.com). Fraud is a breach of law and can be punishable by law. Mortgage fraud is one of the financial crimes where a company materially misrepresents or omits information on its mortgage loan documentation in order toRead MoreThe Looming Of A Miracle Worker Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies, and from it blossomed a thorny rose of a new standard of business ethics. The intention of assisting low-income families started becoming more prevalent under Bill Clinton’s administration, and can traced to 1992 with the creation of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO). In time, from administration to administration while people either looked away or got paid under the table the remaining ethics of every the American industry vanished, leaving in its wake a crisis whichRead MoreWhat Are Ethics And Their Im portance? Global Banking And Business Today? Essay963 Words   |  4 Pages1. What are ethics and their importance in global banking and business today? Ethics are an extremely important in today’s day and age, especially in the global banking and business industries. As far as banking goes, there have been many scandals and this has all been caused by low morals. The morals that are displayed and acted upon by every countries financial sector have been shown to drive the economy and as displayed by the 2008 financial crisis, it is self-evident that a lack of morals canRead MoreOrganizational Culture, Management Philosophy And Ethics999 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Organizational culture, management philosophy and ethics in business each have an impact on all areas of the organization; from operations, marketing, and, accounting. No matter the size, industry or level of profitability of an organization, business ethics are one of the most important aspects of long-term success. According to Webster’s dictionary, ethics can be defined as the â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad† these rules influence every aspectRead MoreThe Basics Of Accounting For Small Businesses1472 Words   |  6 Pagescorrect report, tailored to your business, in order to succeed and keep track of your company’s finances. Furthermore, with regulations and laws set in place, it is important to know the standards that are set and to abide by them. A portion of business ethics is being transparent and allowing your reports to truthfully represent the financial position of your business. According to the article, â€Å"The Basics of Accounting for Small Businesses,† a financial report is an analysis of the financial data recordedRead MoreWas the U.S. Federal Government’s 1932 Intervention in the Market for Home Ownership Desirable? How Did the Creation of Fannie Mae in 1938, Ginnie Mae in 1968, and Freddie Mac in 1970 Expand Homeownership and Shape1161 Words   |  5 PagesWas the U.S. federal government’s 1932 intervention in the market for home ownership desirable? How did the creation of Fannie Mae in 1938, Ginnie Mae in 1968, and Freddie Mac in 1970 expand homeownership and shape lending practices at banks and other mortgage lending firms? Yes, I do believe that the U.S. federal government’s 1932 intervention in the market for homeownership was desirable, not only for the government but also for potential home owners as well as those in construction, etc. PriorRead MoreSimultaneously, The Community Reinvestment Act (Cra) Of1320 Words   |  6 Pagesmeet government mandated quotas of holding such loans. This inevitably led to loan originators like Countrywide using â€Å"the ‘originate and distribute’ model of spreading risk around: it bought mortgages, then quickly sold them to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and others† (Wessel, 2009, p. 117). And when you can theoretically spread risk around, especially to government guaranteed enterprises, you’re much more likely to accumulate more and more of it because higher risk also theoretically leads to higherRead More Ethics Can Make the Difference Essay2336 Words   |  10 PagesEthics Can Make the Difference Ethics are â€Å"rules or standards that govern the conduct of members of a group† (Roland). In every work environment there are a predetermined set of ethical standards the company has put forth for its employees to abide by. But in the technologically fast paced world of today, the lines of what is ethical and unethical blurs easily. While some will argue that any information that is accessible should be able to be read by anyone looking for it, othersRead MoreFinancial Crisis 20081224 Words   |  5 Pageswhether borrowers could repay. Conflict of interest - On April 18, 2006, home loan giant Freddie Mac was fined $3.8 million, by far the largest amount ever assessed by the Federal Election Commission, as a result of illegal campaign contributions. Much of the illegal fund raising benefited members of the United States House Committee on Financial Services, a panel whose decisions can affect Freddie Mac,[94] but also benefited Republican politicians in general. Some lawmakers received favorableRead MoreFinancial Crisis 2008 Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pageswhether borrowers could repay. Conflict of interest - On April 18, 2006, home loan giant Freddie Mac was fined $3.8 million, by far the largest amount ever assessed by the Federal Election Commission, as a result of illegal campaign contributions. Much of the illegal fund raising benefited members of the United States House Committee on Financial Services, a panel whose decisions can affect Freddie Mac,[94] but also benefited Republican politicians in general. Some lawmakers received favorable

Manufacturing Management Free Essays

In simple terms, cash flow is how money moves into and out of your business or how the cycle of cash flows in and flows out of your business thereby helping to determine the solvency of your business (How, 2007). Cost flow in a manufacturing firm involves the expense of the direct materials the manufacturer will be needing for business, the cost of direct labor that will need to be paid for as part of the cash flow process along with the manufacturing overhead that needs to come out of the cash flow. Whereas the cash flow in a service firm would not as much involve physical materials in general but the cost of training, marketing, advertising, travel in addition to the expense involved in whatever particular service that firm specializes in. We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now In general, in the operations of a manufacturing firm most of the work would be handled in a central location, namely if it is one firm, in that particular manufacturing firm’s location. Travel can be a necessity for the management in some manufacturing firms. Employees and especially management of a service firm would be less â€Å"centrally located† in that service firm employees generally travel to the places and customers which need their services. With manufacturing firms you may have a few individuals who travel to introduce their product but overall the energy and expense would be â€Å"product-related.† Service firms generally do not spend as much time, energy or development or industrial design as most of their time spent in research, development and advertising their particular services. The majority of their time and energy would be service-related and changes more from user to user than would a manufacturer who generally supplies to places that need the products they already manufacture. One would have more blue-collar employees within a manufacturing firm while more white-collar employees would be in the labor force of a service firm due to the different training, education and skills needed for the two different types of firms. Vertical analysis would be â€Å"dividing each expense item in the income statement of a given year by net sales to identify expense items that rise more quickly or more slowly than a change in sales (Vertical, 2007). In using the vertical analysis, an analyst would be able to give management the information results gained by comparing the percentage mark-up of asset items along with how they have been financed. In addition, an analyst would be able to observe the trend of the increase in the assets and liabilities over the years (Vertical 2007). The statements that would be used for the vertical analysis would come from comparing the financial statements of firms that vary in size. Using a balance sheet, the assets, liabilities and the assets would be expressed as 100% whereas each item in the various categories would be expressed as a percentage of the respective totals. In using the common size income statement all the items in the income statement would be expressed as a percentage of the sales while sales is expressed as 100%. Horizontal analysis would be â€Å"the process of dividing each expense item of a given year by the same expense item in the base year. This process allows assessment of changes in the relative importance of expense items over time and the behavior of expense items as sales change† (Vertical, 2007). The most important information the horizontal analysis provides management would be trend. Over several years the direction, speed and extent of the trend can be seen by the information provided by the horizontal analysis. The statement one would use to do the horizontal analysis would be setting consecutive balance sheets, income statement or statement of cash flow side-by-side and reviewing any changes in the various categories on a yearly or multiyear basis (Vertical, 2007). References (2007). â€Å"vertical analysis.† Retrieved April 12, 2007, from The Free Dictionary Web site: http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Vertical+analysis (2007). Vertical and Horizontal Analysis Technique. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Financial Analysis Revisited Web site: http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page37.htm (2007). How to better manage your cash flow. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from Entrepreneur.com Web site: http://www.entrepreur.com/money/moneymanagement/managingcashflow/article66008.h How to cite Manufacturing Management, Essay examples

Nuclear Weapons Essay Thesis Example For Students

Nuclear Weapons Essay Thesis A major problem concerning the world today is the disposal of nuclear weapons. With the Cold War, we have seen a massive build up of nuclear weapons, and no, that we are no longer in a state of global warfare, what is to be done with them?As a result of the build-up in nuclear weapons during the cold war the world is now facing major environmental problems trying to deactivate them, and in addition major debate are occurring on the policies of disarmament and deterrence as solutions to this global problem.Countries are becoming more aware of the fact that their citizens do not want to have to worry about a nuclear attack or environmental effects of nuclear weapons testing. The people of the world are calling for an end to this senseless destruction of the earth. The explosive power of a nuclear weapon comes from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion, or both in the case of the Hydrogen bomb. A typical small nuclear weapon has the explosive yields of tens of thousands of tons of the conventional explosive TNT. A large nuclear weapon can kill hundreds of thousands of people, and when carried on a ballistic missile, can travel intercontinental distances in less than half an hour. The deployment of tens of thousands of these weapons, primarily by the United Sates and the Soviet Union, has threatened annihilation of millions of people with little or no warning.Strategic (long-range) nuclear weapons include land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and bombs and cruise missiles carried on long-range bombers.Tactical nuclear weapons are shorter-range weapons allocated for regional use or for use in support of battlefield operations. As a result of the Cold War, the build-up of nuclear weapons today has never been greater. The term Cold War refers to the strategic and political struggle that developed after World War II between the United States and its Wester European allies on one side, and the former USSR on the other. The Soviet leaders considered the objections of the United States to Soviet actions in Poland, Hungary, and Romania a betrayal of wartime understandings about spheres of influence in Europe. Therefore the Soviet Union was placed under a military and political barrier.The stockpile of nuclear weapons that available today is the direct result of the arms race which was the highlight of the cold war. Nuclear arms at the time of the cold war were considered to be a way for countries to discourage other countries from attacking, mainly the United States and the USSR, which were the key players in the arms race of the 1950s and 60s.While the dissolution of the Soviet Union has r!educed the concern abo ut nuclear war waged with strategic weapons between the Russia and the U.S., other issues have become more pressing. As far as is known, only eight countries now have nuclear weapons. The five declared nuclear powers are : the United States, over 9,000 warheads deployed and some 11,000 in reserve or awaiting dismantling; Russia, over 10,000 warheads deployed and some 18,000 in reserve or awaiting dismantling; France, over 500 warheads; China, about 450 warheads; U.K., about 300 warheads.In addition to the key countries there are threshold states which have not officially confirmed the possession of nuclear weapons: Israel, India and Pakistan, all countries in which there is great possibilities of a civil war breaking out and the nuclear weapons being utilized. The realization by the people of the massive amounts of nuclear weapons stockpiled and disastrous environmental hazards has caused much protest among the people. During the cold war thoughts of massive destruction and human suffering dominated peoples minds, but no one really knew how grave the situation would be after a nuclear bomb was dropped. Until recently, scientific research had not addressed the potential long-term climatic and environmental damage of a nuclear conflict. Scientific research suggests that a nuclear conflict could inject enough smoke and dust particles into the atmosphere to block out sunlight and cause severe drops in surface temperatures over a significant period of time. This, in turn could adversely affect plants, animals, and humans. The term nuclear winter has been coined to describe these effects. The implications of the theory on a global scale is that non-involved nations, as well as the nations directly involved with the conflict, could be veulnerable to the climatic and environmental effects. Long-term climatic effects were thought by researchers to arise from dust placed in the stratosphere!by near-surface n uclear blasts. However the most significanteffect would be those resulting from ozone depletion, which would allow more unfiltered ultraciolet rays to reach the earths surface. Additional long-term adverse effects would be exposure to high levels of radioactive fallout, cancer and genetic diseases.A large nuclear war would produce irreversible adverse effects on our environment and ecological system. A Doll'S House Essay ThesisThere are a great number of techniques that the people of the earth can use in attempting to destroy chemical weapons. It is finding a technique that will hurt the environment the least and effectively destroy the nuclear and chemical weapons, which is the hard part. Possible methods of destroying nuclear weapons include destruction at high temperatures ( incineration, plasma torch, molten metal), medium temperatures (prolysis, supercritical and wet air oxidation ,hydrogenation) and low temperature (metal oxide catalysis, silver oxidative electrolysis, dry HCI). It is crucial that any military plutonium recovered from American and Russian warheads be stored and disposed of as waste. The preferred way of disposing of plutonium is to re-mix plutonium with the high-level wast from which it was origionally extracted and then vitrify the mixture into highly radioactive glass logs for eventual disposal. START treaties, even if both are ratified and implemented, are not disarmament treaties, but arms control treaties which withdraw nuclear weapons from operationa deployment. Some of these weapons are dismantled, but the majority are being placed in reserve and could be used at some later time to expand deployed arsenals.France, the U.K. and China continue to modernize their nuclear forces. China has recently conducted two nuclear tests a year and is reportedly planning four more tests. France plans eight tests by the spring of 1996. Of the threshold states, Israel seems to have stopped increasing the size of its arsenal, but that arsenal is already as large as that of the U.K. The relationship between India and Pakistan continues tense and unstable; both countries are developing increased capability in longer-range missile sthat can be used to deliver nuclear weapons. More and more countries are resorting to peace-talks in this new age and not resorting to their stockpile of nuclear arsenal, and that should be a relief to many people, but it is not.The global population is still highly aware of the detrimental effects disposal of nuclear weapons and nuclear testing can have on the environment. The global population must be ready to support either deterrence or disarmament, and the constantly changing dield of technology that will help us destroy and get rid of these weapons of war and lead lives more filled with peace.